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The opposition to the system of racial segregation or apartheid implemented by the South African government cannot be separated from a figure named Nelson Mandela, who died on December 5, 2013.

For years, he spent time in prison fighting for the rights of black citizens.

All paid off when Mandela managed to become the first black president in South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

Prior to that, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 and will continue to be a symbol of world peace.

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Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. Born into the royal family and of Xhosa ethnicity, Mandela studied law at Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand. While living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joined the ANC, and became a founding member of the ANC Youth League. After the Afrikaner nationalists of the National Party came to power in 1948 and implemented policies of apartheid, Mandela’s popularity skyrocketed in the 1952 ANC’s Defiance Campaign, was elected President of the ANC Transvaal, and attended the 1955 Congress of the People. As a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for activities incited and, as chairman of the ANC, was tried in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961, but was ultimately found not guilty. Despite initially demonstrating non-violently, he and the Communist Party of South Africa founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961 and led a campaign of bombing government targets. In 1962, he was arrested and charged with sabotage and conspiring to overthrow the government, and was sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Court.

Mandela served 27 years in prison, first on Robben Island, then in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. An international campaign demanding his release led to his release in 1990. After becoming President of the ANC, Mandela published an autobiography and negotiated with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and hold the 1994 multiracial elections which the ANC later won. He was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity. As President, he drafted a new constitution and established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate previous human rights violations. He also introduced policies on land reform, poverty eradication, and expansion of health service coverage. Abroad, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho. He refused to run for a second term and was replaced by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. He later became an accomplished statesman who focused on charitable activities to eradicate poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation.

Controversial for most of his life, right-wing critics have called Mandela a terrorist and a communist sympathizer. Nevertheless, he gained international acclaim for his anti-colonial and anti-apartheid stance, receiving more than 250 awards, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the United States Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Order of Lenin from the Soviet Union. He is highly respected in South Africa and is better known by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba or tata. Nelson Mandela is often called the “father of the nation”.

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